Read the article, then provide a critical review of the article, Assignment

Read the article, then provide a critical review of the article, summarize the article and provide your critical interpretation of the article - Assignment Example Unproven recent house bubbles and low-interest rates have brought about froth in house markets and result in a financial instability. The task remains for central banks to maintain a balance between igniting another house price bubbles and a need to raise economic status from the ground. Riksbank also experienced the dilemma. Fluctuations of the house prices and their effects on real outcomes of the economy, households spending, health of financial intermediaries and the mortgage borrowing have been re-examined majorly on their sources. Macroeconomics has recently questioned the role of the housing finance and also the implication of house price and monetary policy on house price fluctuations. Data from such long history has been collected, the first covers non-financial businesses for 17 economies, disaggregated bank credit data and real estate lending. The second data covers 14 to 17 economies unearthed long-run house prices from 1870-2012. Policy trilemma of international macroeconomic is used, to provide sources of exogenous variation in domestic monetary conditions and perturbations of domestic interest rates. Also to estimate the impact of monetary conditions on real estate on house prices an instrument variable, IV strategy, was used (Jorda, Schularick & Taylor 5). Trilemma is used to identify perturbations of domestic interest rates that are unrelated to domestic economic conditions. Only one or two of the three trilemma policies will be selected, capital mobility, fixed exchange rates or monetary policy. Exogenous fluctuations effects on the link between mortgage credit price on house price busts and booms are measured using strategy IV. Trilemma when measuring exchange rates uses a base year of some country such as the U.S that does not take into consideration other economies when formulating their foreign monetary policy choices. As a result of the

Biohybrid Devices Essay Example for Free

Biohybrid Devices Essay Biohybrid devices. Biohybrid devices are implantable medical contraptions that undergo vascularization inside the body before the normal human cells (such as islet cells of Langerhans) can be placed inside them. They provide local immunosuppression that ensures that the normal human cells are not rejected by the host’s immune system or the graft versus host disease (Dorian). Biohybrid devices can be used to prevent diseases such as liver failure and diabetes. For persons at risk of developing type I diabetes mellitus (such as genetically predisposed individuals) or pre-diabetic individuals, their islets cells of Langerhans can be protected by biohybrid devices (Ricchie). These biohybrid devices are designed using nanoencapsulation technology into conformal polymer biomaterials that form a scaffold over the population of islet cells of Langerhans in the endocrine pancreas; thereby preventing the auto-antibodies from accessing the islets cells, and, causing irreversible injury to the cells by auto-immune reactions that ultimately lead to cell death, and, absolute lack of insulin production (Lucy et al). For the pre-diabetic individuals on immunomodulatory medications, the biohybrid scaffold locally concentrates the drug thus increasing its pharmacologic efficiency and reducing its systemic toxicity. The biohybrid scaffold also improves nutrient distribution across the islet cells and reduces stress encountered by the islet cells of Langerhans (Nazek). Liver failure caused by autoimmune hepatitis can be prevented by biohybrid devices, which form an, intricate conformal scaffold on the hepatocytes surface thereby blocking the auto-antibodies from interacting with the hepatocytes, and, causing immune-mediated liver necrosis (Nazek). Oxygen diffusion is critical for hybrid artificial organs because the normal human cells within them require oxygen for aerobic oxidative respiration and reduced oxygen diffusion may cause hypoxia (a form of cell injury) that leads to impaired physiological processes within the cells and ultimately to cell death(Lemburt et al). This necessitates that the biohybrid device be made of optimal design that allows adequate oxygen diffusion and consumption by the normal human cells (Dorian). These designs are based on experimental mathematical models (Provust). The characteristics that influence the rate of oxygen diffusion across the biohybrid device are geometry (for instance, the spherical organoid biohybrid artificial liver [BAL] was observed to consume oxygen at rates that approximate normal hepatocytes oxygen consumption, while, the hollow tube model of BAL consumed oxygen at rates several magnitudes lower than normal hepatocytes), thickness of the biohybrid device(for instance, models of biohybrid blood vessels made up of hollow fiber scaffold exhibited correlation between increasing scaffold wall thickness and reduced oxygen perfusion) and permeability of the biohybrid device surface to oxygen. This oxygen permeability is a function of the intrinsic property of the polymer that is used to construct the scaffolds of the biohybrid device; also, the nanoencapsulation design influences oxygen permeability albeit to a smaller extent (Silvius). There are several differences between intravascular and extra vascular biohybrid devices as explained below. Intravascular biohybrid devices are placed within the large blood vessels where they act as stents, or, they connect several blood vessels thereby acting as a biocompatible immunoprotective shunts; thus, the normal human cells within such devices obtain nourishment directly from the circulating blood. Extravascular biohybrid devices are placed outside the vascular compartment, for example, planar macro-capsules (extravascular devices) are placed in the peritoneal cavity; the normal human cells in these devices depend on diffusion to obtain the necessary nutrients and oxygen. The extravascular devices are easily implantable and retrievable, but, the intravascular devices would need surgery in order to implant or retrieve them (Triavek). The geometry of biohybrid devices affects their efficiency because the normal human cells within them require an appropriate three-dimensional structure that maximizes the effective surface area in order to obtain adequate nutrition, oxygen and eliminate metabolic wastes. Geometry also influences the population of human cells that can be placed inside a biohybrid device. Geometry of biohybrid device also affects the interaction between the device and the human immune system (Nazek).

Global warming is biggest problem

Global warming is biggest problem Global warming is becoming the biggest problem in the world and it is constituted one of the most climate changes. Moreover, Howden,(2007) believe that global warming is the mounting slow increase of the earth surface temperature. There is increasing fact that this change in Earths atmosphere will due to climatic changes and major global problems. There is main reason for global warming by human activities includes three causes such as greenhouse, industrial revolution and deforestation. In addition, this essay explains effects global warming includes agriculture, livestock, and human health. Firstly, greenhouse gases constitute the major gases in the world and the earths atmosphere consist of natural gases the same as greenhouse gases, but greenhouse gases component of extra gases can be invented by humans. For example, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, ozone and chlorofluorocarbons. Moreover, these gases caused pollution of atmosphere; therefore, they increase the earth temperature. In fact, James, ( 2001 ) believe that climate change is determined it sensitivity by forcing sources; for example, water vapor is evaporation from oceans , but ozone is invented in the atmosphere by sun light. In addition, humankind synthesize the CFS component and to release in to atmosphere. Finally, other gases such as CO2, CH4, H2O and NO2 are released as a result of biological processes. ( James,2001 ) Secondly, industrial revolution has developed through the last two centuries by human activities. In other words, humankind has increased activities since the industrial revolution. The most important carbon dioxide is biggest sources of fossil fuel processes from different types and these types issue huge amount of CO2. Moreover, James,( 2001 ) write that humankind use burning fossil fuel, such as coal, petroleum and natural gas result in the product of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, which cause the pollution in atmosphere. Finally, the pollution which is a major cause of global warming from transport such as cars and trunks due to the use of fuel. In addition to greenhouse gases and industrial revolution, deforestation may contribute role as effect which forests became drought as a consequence of loss of trees, increasing the range of desertification. Forests cover a large part of the earth surface, but deforestation processes reduce of precious environmental. For example, Howden,( 2007) write that (the land mark stem report the last year, accepted that forests offer the signal largest chance for cost of effective and direct reduction of carbon emission ) . Also it has possible to cause problems on climate change because of increasing of CO2 emission atmosphere. There are three major effects of global warming. The first global warming effect on agriculture that gas emission is being driving force by the agriculture segment to cause climate changing. Moreover, Karki ,( 2008) state that agriculture involves to greenhouse gases rise through practices, irrigation and chemical substances such as herbicides, insecticides. Besides, the environment impact on agriculture in especially power of soil drainage, soil erosion, as a result crops reduce production. In addition, agriculture processes contribute to greenhouse gases emissions; for example, CO2 release connected to deforestation, rice cultivation and fermentation in farm animals release methane and fertilizer use release nitrous oxide. Finally , Karki,( 2008) state that sea level is probable to rise to one meter higher by 2100 and the increased level of sea have a terrible effect on agriculture land loss in specially regions; for instance, East Asia, Erosion, submergence . A second global warming effect on Livestock production in a large study in cattle and other animals production depend on stability between water provision and pasturage the cause of droughts of many areas. Furthermore, live stock activates too give disproportionately to land use impacts because of corps; for example, corn and alfalfa are cultured to supply the animals. In addition, lives stock output in the world occupies 70% of all ground used for agriculture, so climate change impact on livestock output. ( Karki, 2008 ) Thirdly, warming climate of the earth surface may causes risk on human health; thereby resulting in wet air is providing a good medium for growth of bacteria and diseases that they threaten human life. Moreover, Kasotia,(2008) write that Global serious diseases increase in warm regions and air water pollution can be increased by higher temperature, thus, it hurt human health. In addition, enormously hot temperatures raise the figure of persons who die every day for some causes, for example, the concentration of ozone at land level is increased by higher temperatures. Therefore, persons with heart and respiratory diseases are increasing problems. Furthermore, ultraviolet ray reach to the earths, but it reduce at atmosphere, so ozone cause many problems such as asthma and other diseases. Finally, climate change may also rise serious infectious diseases for example, malaria.( Kasotia,2008). In summary, global warming considers the most important role in climate changes, and it is major source rising of earths temperature because of greenhouse gases, industry, and deforestation. Other results of climate change include agricultural yield, animals product and increase of diseases. In the future people are trying to reduce the danger of proliferation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, so they will use several methods including the use of solar energy, wind energy and hydropower. Reference:- HOWDEN, Daniel (2007) Deforestation: the hidden cause of global warming ]online[ Last accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate- change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734.html JAMES, Hansen (2001), Assessing Progress in Climate Science,]online [.Last accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139page=9 KARKL, Kedar( 2008 ) effect of climate change in agriculture and livestok production]online[.Last accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http://www.scribd.com/doc/3323985/Effect- of-Climate-change-in-agriculture-and-livestock-production KASOTIA, Paritosh ( 2008 ) The Health Effects Of Global Warming Developing Countries Are The Most Vulnerable ]online[.Last accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2007/issue2/0207p48.htm

The African Religion Vodu and Catholicism Essay examples -- voodoo, bla

The terms voodoo, hoodoo, black magic and conjure arouse different ideas and interpretations such as fear, fascination, or repugnance. For some, the image of voodoo dolls, which are used to bring pain to the one’s enemy are associated with these words. Others might consider curses and spells used for evil intentions to be at the heart of voodoo. A more innocent notion of voodoo encompasses the idea that it is to be used for the communal good. All of these ideas came together and merged with Christian and Catholic beliefs after Africans were transported to the Americas and subjected to unimaginable horrors as slaves. Many historians define voodoo as â€Å"a syncretism between the African religion Vodu and Catholicism.† Voodoo is an entirely new creation, which was born as the African slaves were confronted with New World religions. These new ideas were â€Å"camouflaged as European saints, the Orisha divinities continued to be invoked, fed, and celebrated by thei r transplanted New World devotees, who in turn expected protection and assistance from their ancient spiritual guardian.† In some cases, slaves used the culturally accepted Catholic saints as a cover for their ancestral beliefs which were often seen as foolish and heretical by their masters. This new belief system â€Å"met new world needs that the settled and passive African modes could not match.† Voodoo held an important part in many slaves’ lives as remnants of their African beliefs evolved into a meaningful and powerful force. Voodoo was an essential element of survival for many slaves because it helped them cope psychologically with the physical torment they endured, it gave them a sense of power in impossibly difficult situations, and it served as a unifying force. Vo... ...e and was treated as an evil force which needed to be shunned by all. The views of voodoo within the outside community continued to transform into something that was more entertaining than menacing. Eventually the practices spread beyond slave communities and continued after slavery was abolished, leaving behind a legacy that looked almost nothing like the original African predecessor. Works Cited Wilkie 141. Fandrich 776. Suttles 98. Chireau 17. Long 92. Chireau, 16. Chireau, 15. Chireau, 16. book Wilkie, 142. Pinn 44. Anderson, 22. Chireau 24. Touchstone 374. Tallant 10. book Chireau 18. Chireau 18. Suttles 98. Suttles 99. Suttles 99. Suttles 100. Simson 223. Postma 56. Slave revolts Suttles 98. Postma 56. Fandrich 780. Fandrich 780. Fandrich 780. Anderson 141.

Does Source B support the evidence of Source C about the Suffrage campaign?

During the early 20th century, Women's battle for equality reached its very peak as their campaign to be granted suffrage became even more passionate and frantic, as. It was around this time that the first real changes started occur; and as with any revolutionary crusade, there was a great deal of controversy surrounding it. It therefore comes as no great surprise that an immense amount of media was published concerning the subject. This was created by people on both sides of the campaign, and so there is a very wide range of the opinions voiced through forms of books, newspaper articles, speeches and in particular propaganda posters. Both these sources depict an extremely disdainful view towards women's suffrage, however to what extent they support each other in the rest of their views is rather debatable and needs to be considered to a further degree. Although these two sources were written for entirely different purposes, they surprisingly share one of their common principles, sending out an almost identical message on the actions of Suffragettes. Both authors feel that they were behaving in a maniacal manner which was totally unacceptable, and one which would only be used by the most preposterous lunatics. Source C depicts a suffragette protesting [maniacally], in a very emotional posture with greatly exaggerated and unwomanly actions. The viewer immediately feels contempt towards her, seeing her as nothing but a [nuisance]. This feeling is then enhanced by the label underneath- ‘The Shrieking Sister'. This is implying that the suffragette is very mentally unstable, to the extent of hysteria. Also, by ‘Sister' it is associating her into an [organization], as part of a brethren which we are led to believe are all like this. This immediately lowers all suffragette campaigners, making their cause worthless. Source B is portraying a very similar [feeling], labeling the protests as a ‘shrill cry'. The word shrill here implies how they are [hysterical], irrational and desperate. It's purpose, similar to that of Source C's is to demote them and point out how ridiculous their actions are. Another way in which the two sources are [linked/similar] is in the way they dehumanize women suffrage campaigners. Source B does this simply by the title of the book- â€Å"Women or Suffragette†. This suggests that a woman could only be one or the other, and that should they be a suffragette they are letting go of an femininity. Even by just reading the title of the book, the public feel forced into making a decision between the two sides- between being a respected, charming woman or being an indistinguishable/undefinable monstrosity. Source C uses similar tactics in putting this point across, using the label and the drawing of the Suffragette behaving in an animalistic way to highlight the beastiality and violence of the woman. Text is used to great advantage by both Corelli and Partridge to make their views [noticed], and both use fonting techniques to capture the readers attention, Partridge using a larger, bolder, more noticeable font and Corelli simply putting it in italics to stress the importance of that view. This results in the viewer being able to interpret their main [points] even at a glance, which increases the liklihood of success of their work. (Success being that people begin to reflect on the situation through the view of the authors). Whilst the Sources may support each other in their fundamental [reasons], they differ quite a bit in the rest of their views. One of the biggest ways in which their opinions vary is on the whole suffrage campaign. Source B is quite clearly against the whole cause, as Corelli does not differentiate between Suffragists and Suffragattes whilst she is slandering female campaigners, and simply generalizes them together. On the other hand, Source C makes it clear that they have no [issues] whatsoever with Suffragists. In the portrait, the Suffragists is represented as calm, mature and is standing very upright and [sensibly]. She is making no radical actions, and appears to be heavily critizing the [actions] of the Suffragette. In the caption, she is even labelled as the ‘Sensible Woman'. This implies that Partridge is by no means against the cause, and that if campaigners behave in appropriate and [sensible] manners then he is perfectly happy to listen to their cause, and that he is simply refusing to tolerate the violence of Suffragettes. However, this view is not very clearly shown by the poster, and it left to the viewer to interpret it themselves. In general, Source C is only commenting on the tactics used in the campaign, not the reasoning behind the campaign. Source B is completely different to this, and it is full of critism of Women for demanding suffrage. Corelli clams that ‘Women were and are destined to make voters rather than to be voters themselves'. By the comment, she is stating that she feels that the situation is never going to change, and that women should just stay in the Private Sphere where they are expected to be. She feels that women are not capable of voting, and that the injustices they suffer should be stopped through other means. Corelli suggests that the lack of equality it women's own fault, saying that it is a result of ‘the way in which mothers have reared their sons'. This is saying that if Women want to change the way in which they are treated in society, they must do it by giving their sons, the generation which will shape the future as they become adults, a more [morally intact] view of women. Whereas contrary to this belief of it being due to women's own mistakes that society is so obvlivious to their rights, Source C suggests that it is due to Suffragettes that the campaign is still failing, as is exampled by the Suffragists commenting that Suffragettes were the cause's ‘worst enemy'. In conclusion, I feel that Source B does support a great deal of the evidence in Source C- that about the campaigning techniques of Suffragettes; however it can vary a great deal in other views and in some ways they even contradict each other, such as with the opinion of who was to blame for the great sexism of the time. In general, I feel that although the views of the two sources are in places identical, this is just a coincidence, as they are for different reasons. This is most likely due to the fact that the original media had different purposes. Source B was from a book which was very clearly anti-women's suffrage. Anyone who would be reading the book would clearly already be leaning towards these views, and Corelli was simply trying to persuade them more, or share her opinions with them. Partridge was using his poster to appeal to Suffragettes, and to the public, to try and make them realize that violent, militant campaigning was not helping the cause, and making the whole thing seem just rants of hysterical, moronic women. By acting like animals with ‘shrieking' and ‘shrill cries', they bring a bad reputation to all women, and simply give support to the claims that women were 'emotionally weak'. The one thing which they most storngly support each other in is in blaming Suffragettes for the level of disfain the public have towards Women's Suffrage, and it is this solely which links the too.

Free Essays on Orpheus

In the Metamorphoses of Ovid, Orpheus, madly devoted to his wife, Eurydice, goes into hell, and pleads for the chance to see her again. Shortly after their wedding, Orpheus’ wife steps on a snake whose venom kills her. This deeply upsets Orpheus who feels that seeing his wife again will soothe his soul. Orpheus’ request to see his wife occurs in the form of a song to the kings of the dead. As he begins his song, he explains that his true intentions are to see Eurydice, not the same as many of those before him. He adds that although he tried to live without her, but his love for her had made it impossible for him to stay away. Unsure whether the Gods of the underworld could symphathize with his submission to Love, he explains that â€Å"within the upper world, he has much fame†(326) and hopes that the God of love â€Å"has gained renown†(326) in the underworld. The â€Å"he† that Orpheus refers to is Love. He argues that Love is too powerful to resist, as he begs for the gods to â€Å"restore the life†(326) of his beloved wife. Orpheus accepts that at some point in time, all humans must report to the underworld. â€Å"Our final home is here; the human race must here submit to your unending sway†(326). Yet, though Orpheus realizes thi s, he also believes that Eurydice was taken too soon. â€Å"She, too, will yet be yours when she has lived in full the course of her allotted years†(326). Not until his wife has lived to an old age, does Orpheus feel that she should be taken to her death. He is so determined to see her, that he proclaims, â€Å"if the Fates deny my wife this gift, then I shall stay here, too, I won’t go back; and you can then rejoice-you’ll have two deaths†(326). If Orpheus is not allowed the opportunity to see his wife and for her to regain life, he swears that he too will remain in the underworld. â€Å"Moved by Orpheus’ song, the Furies wept†(326). He had brought about the â€Å"only tears the Furies ... Free Essays on Orpheus Free Essays on Orpheus In the Metamorphoses of Ovid, Orpheus, madly devoted to his wife, Eurydice, goes into hell, and pleads for the chance to see her again. Shortly after their wedding, Orpheus’ wife steps on a snake whose venom kills her. This deeply upsets Orpheus who feels that seeing his wife again will soothe his soul. Orpheus’ request to see his wife occurs in the form of a song to the kings of the dead. As he begins his song, he explains that his true intentions are to see Eurydice, not the same as many of those before him. He adds that although he tried to live without her, but his love for her had made it impossible for him to stay away. Unsure whether the Gods of the underworld could symphathize with his submission to Love, he explains that â€Å"within the upper world, he has much fame†(326) and hopes that the God of love â€Å"has gained renown†(326) in the underworld. The â€Å"he† that Orpheus refers to is Love. He argues that Love is too powerful to resist, as he begs for the gods to â€Å"restore the life†(326) of his beloved wife. Orpheus accepts that at some point in time, all humans must report to the underworld. â€Å"Our final home is here; the human race must here submit to your unending sway†(326). Yet, though Orpheus realizes thi s, he also believes that Eurydice was taken too soon. â€Å"She, too, will yet be yours when she has lived in full the course of her allotted years†(326). Not until his wife has lived to an old age, does Orpheus feel that she should be taken to her death. He is so determined to see her, that he proclaims, â€Å"if the Fates deny my wife this gift, then I shall stay here, too, I won’t go back; and you can then rejoice-you’ll have two deaths†(326). If Orpheus is not allowed the opportunity to see his wife and for her to regain life, he swears that he too will remain in the underworld. â€Å"Moved by Orpheus’ song, the Furies wept†(326). He had brought about the â€Å"only tears the Furies ...

Roman Law Essays (4556 words) - Mythology, Roman Mythology, Trojans

Roman Law Essays (4556 words) - Mythology, Roman Mythology, Trojans Roman Law The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. They've had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they are descended from Romulus, who's father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have caused many, many civil wars. After any type of government, the change has been made with a civil war. There have also been many civil wars between rulers. But it all boils down to wanting to be involved in government. When the Greeks finally entered Troy after ten long years of siege, a man named Aeneas escaped the city with his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius. They went to Mt. Ida, where they were to meet Aeneas' wife, Creusa, but she never showed up. Saddened, Aeneas acquired a boat and sailed around the Mediterranean. He bounced around from Asia Minor to Greece to Crete looking for a place to found a new Troy, but he couldn't find a satisfactory place. As told by Homer in the Aeneid, Aeneas was cared for by the gods. Venus, in particular, was very worried about him. She asked Jupiter, king of the gods about him, and he said this: Since you are so consumed with anxiety for Aeneas, I shall turn forward far The hidden pages of fate and speak of the future. He shall conduct a great campaign for you And conquer all Italy and its haughty peoples. He shall impose laws on his own people And build walled cities for them; the third summer Shall see him rule in Latium, the third winter Of warfare see the Rutulians [an Italian tribe] subdued. But his son Ascanius... It is he who shall consolidate your power- For thirty years with all their turning months; Then shall he move his capital from Lavinium To Alba Longa, which he shall fortify To the uttermost; and there a line of kings... Shall reign and reign till Ilia [Rhea Silvia], a priestess Of royal blood, bear twins begotten by Mars; And one of these, Romulus, fostered by a she-wolf, And joyfully wearing her tawny hide, shall rule And found a city for Mars, a new city, And call his people Romans, after his name. For them I see no measure nor date, I grant them Dominion without end. Yes, even Juno... Even she will mend her ways and vie with me In cherishing the Romans, the master-race, The wearers of the Toga. So it is willed.(Nardo 13) Finally, he wound up at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. He went inland up the river, which was a miracle in itself, because the river is very swift. He found Latium, ruled by King Latinus, and married his daughter, Lavinia. With King Latinus' permission, Aeneas and Lavinia founded a city called Lavinium, where they ruled side by side for many years. When Aeneas died, his son Ascanius took over. Ascanius founded a new city, which he called Alba Longa, and made it his capital. Now we advance four centuries. The king of Alba Longa is Numitor. He had a jealous brother named Amulius, who seized the throne and drove out Numitor. To prevent Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, from having children who could claim the throne, Amulius made her a celibate priestess. While she was a priestess, Mars, the god of war, came and visited her and she had twin boys named Remus and Romulus (Burrell 7). When Amulius found out about the twins, he was furious. He ordered Rhea imprisoned and the boys drowned on the Tiber. The slave who was ordered to drown them felt pity for them, and instead sent them down the river in a basket. When they landed, a she-wolf found them and nursed them because her cubs had just been killed and she was still fertile. Romulus and Remus were found by a shepherd named Faustulus, who took them home to his wife to raise them. As they grew up, being sons of Mars, they turned out to be very athletic and natural leaders, especially of the local boys. When